An Early Streamer Emission (ESE) lightning arrester is a type of lightning protection system designed to provide a preferential point for a lightning strike, thereby protecting the structure it is installed on. Unlike traditional lightning rods, which are passive systems, ESE devices actively emit an upward propagating stream of ionized particles before the lightning strike, increasing the chances of intercepting the downward leader of a lightning strike.

Here are some key points about ESE lightning arresters:

Working Principle
- **Active Emission**: ESE lightning arresters are equipped with a triggering device that emits ionized particles into the air when an electric field indicative of an impending lightning strike is detected. This emission creates an upward leader that meets the downward leader of the lightning, thus directing the lightning strike to the arrester.
- **Advanced Triggering**: The ESE device triggers earlier than traditional lightning rods, giving it a larger protective radius. This is achieved through a system that enhances the natural formation of the upward leader by creating an ionization channel.

Components
- **Air Terminal**: The metallic rod that extends above the structure to intercept lightning.
- **Ionization Device**: The part of the ESE system responsible for emitting ionized particles to initiate the upward leader.
- **Grounding System**: A network of conductors that safely directs the intercepted lightning current to the ground, preventing damage to the structure.

Advantages
- **Larger Protective Radius**: Due to its proactive emission of ionized particles, an ESE lightning arrester covers a larger area compared to traditional lightning rods.
- **Enhanced Protection**: ESE devices are designed to provide a more reliable interception of lightning strikes, reducing the risk of damage to the protected structure.
- **Early Triggering**: By initiating the upward leader earlier, ESE systems improve the chances of attracting lightning strikes to the designated point.

Installation Considerations
- **Height and Position**: The ESE air terminal should be installed at the highest point of the structure to maximize its effectiveness.
- **Grounding**: Proper grounding is crucial for the safe operation of an ESE system. The grounding network must be capable of handling high current levels without significant resistance.
- **Standards and Regulations**: Different countries may have specific standards and guidelines for the installation and use of ESE lightning arresters. Compliance with these standards ensures optimal performance and safety.

Maintenance
- **Regular Inspection**: Periodic checks are necessary to ensure the system is functioning correctly. This includes inspecting the air terminal, ionization device, and grounding system.
- **Testing**: Conducting regular tests to verify the operational readiness of the ESE system helps in maintaining its effectiveness.

Controversy and Acceptance
- **Debate**: The efficacy and scientific basis of ESE lightning arresters have been a subject of debate among experts. While some studies and field data support their effectiveness, others argue that traditional lightning protection systems are equally effective if designed and installed correctly.
- **Regulatory Acceptance**: Some regions and countries endorse the use of ESE systems and have developed standards for their installation, while others prefer conventional lightning protection methods.

Summary
ESE lightning arresters represent an advanced approach to lightning protection, offering a proactive solution by emitting ionized particles to initiate an upward leader earlier than traditional systems. They provide a larger protective area and can enhance the safety of structures when properly installed and maintained. However, their adoption varies globally, influenced by differing perspectives on their effectiveness and regulatory frameworks.