It works by generating an upward stream of ions before a lightning strike occurs, thereby attracting the lightning strike to the arrester rather than to the structure it is protecting. Here's an overview of how it works, its features, and its applications:

### How an ESE Lightning Arrester Works:
1. **Detection of Lightning Conditions**: The ESE lightning arrester senses the presence of an electric field in the atmosphere that builds up before a lightning strike. This buildup is an indication of an impending strike.

2. **Early Ionization**: Once the atmospheric electric field reaches a critical level, the ESE device triggers an early emission of an upward leader (a stream of ions). This upward leader effectively reaches out toward the downward leader coming from the thundercloud.

3. **Guided Lightning Strike**: The early emission creates a preferred path for the lightning, guiding the strike towards the arrester's terminal instead of allowing it to hit the protected structure directly.

4. **Dissipation to Ground**: Once the lightning strike has been attracted to the arrester, it is safely conducted to the ground through a dedicated grounding system, preventing damage to the building or surrounding area.

### Key Features of ESE Lightning Arresters:
- **Extended Range of Protection**: ESE arresters typically offer protection over a larger area than traditional Franklin rods, meaning fewer units may be required to protect the same space.

- **Advanced Ionization Technology**: By emitting an upward leader before a strike, ESE arresters reduce the likelihood of a lightning strike hitting the structure they protect.

- **Standards and Compliance**: Most ESE arresters are tested and certified to various international standards, such as NF C 17-102 (French standard) and UNE 21.186.

- **Corrosion Resistance and Durability**: ESE arresters are often made from corrosion-resistant materials like stainless steel to withstand harsh environmental conditions.

### Applications:
- **Industrial and Commercial Buildings**: Factories, warehouses, and commercial structures that cover large areas are prime candidates for ESE systems due to their extended protection range.

- **Telecommunication Towers**: These tall, isolated structures benefit from the proactive protection provided by ESE arresters.

- **Public Infrastructure**: Airports, train stations, and public venues often use ESE systems to ensure the safety of large areas and reduce the risk of damage from lightning strikes.

- **Residential Buildings**: Though not as common, some large residential structures or complexes with rooftop installations may also use ESE technology for lightning protection.

### Advantages of ESE Arresters:
- **Larger Area Coverage**: Compared to conventional lightning rods, ESE arresters protect a wider area.

- **Proactive Protection**: By emitting ions before a strike occurs, ESE systems help mitigate potential damage earlier than conventional systems.

- **Reduced Installation Costs**: Due to the larger coverage area, fewer ESE arresters may be required, reducing overall installation costs.

### Limitations and Considerations:
- **Regulatory Standards**: In some regions, there may be restrictions or debates over the use of ESE systems due to differing lightning protection philosophies. It's important to ensure compliance with local regulations.

- **Maintenance**: Like all lightning protection systems, ESE arresters require regular maintenance and inspections to ensure they continue to function properly.

In summary, ESE lightning arresters are advanced protection systems that can cover large areas with fewer devices, offering an efficient and proactive solution for preventing lightning strikes.