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The invention of the modern digital computer predates the earliest beginnings of what would become computer science. Machines have worked since ancient times to calculate fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus, aiding with computations such as multiplication and division. Even before the advent of sophisticated computational hardware, algorithms for conducting computations have existed since antiquity.

The first working mechanical calculator was designed and built by Wilhelm Schickard in 1623. In 1673, a digital mechanical calculator called the Stepped Reckoner was demonstrated by Gottfried Leibniz. For, among other reasons, documenting the binary number system, he may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist. In 1820, when Thomas de Colmar released his simplified arithmometer, which was the first machine to be sufficiently powerful and reliable to be used daily in the office environment, he launched the mechanical calculator industry.
He began developing this machine in 1834, and "in less than two years he'd outlined many of the modern computer's outstanding features."
"The adoption of a punched card system derived from the Jacquard loom was a crucial step," making it programmable infinitely. During the translation of a French article on the Analytical Engine in 1843, Ada Lovelace wrote an algorithm for calculating the Bernoulli numbers in one of the many notes she included, which is considered to be the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored to be implemented on a computer.
Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator around 1885, using punched cards to process statistical information; his company eventually became part of IBM. In 1909, Percy Ludgate published the second of the only two designs for mechanical analytical engines in history after Babbage, although unaware of his earlier work. In 1937, one hundred years after the impossible dream of Babbage, Howard Aiken convinced IBM, who made all kinds of punched card equipment. When the machine was completed, it was hailed by some as "the dream of Babbage come true."

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