3D printing technology is not a new concept in today’s technologically driven world. This technology has offered a great advancement in many fields of life. Medicine, industrial buildings, education, and the automotive sectors are some areas where 3D printing technology promises a revolution. 4D printing technology is the advanced version of 3D printing technology, where the fourth dimension is time.

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4D printing is based on the principle of molecular self-assembly. Here, molecules change and form complex structures without any human intervention. This concept is widely used in nanotechnology. The 3D printing technology produces objects with a fixed shape; 4d printing will change their shape and their color, size, the way they move, and in many more ways. 4D printing uses “intelligent” materials, which have been programmed to change their property, such as shape under the influence of an external factor, most often temperature, just like when a computer obeys to code. This “code” is added to the material, and it helps to provide instructions to the 3D printed part. Bastien E. Rapp, President of the Process Technology Laboratory NeptunLab, explains: “4D printing is the functional form of 3D printing. Instead of printing only physical structures, we can now print functions. It’s like embedding a piece of code in a material – once triggered, it does what you programmed it to do.”


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What’s Next for 4D
While 4D printing is still in the research and development (R&D) stage, it’s already being widely used for prototyping for industrial, medical, and aviation industries. In the medical field, doctors are incorporating 4D printing into the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). For instance, the doctors at the University of Michigan’s CS Mott Children’s Hospital have developed a 4D-printed airway splint that prevents infant windpipes from collapsing by automatically expanding as the child grows until the child is strong enough to support him or herself.

3D Printing: Still be the Future
Over the last few years, 3D printing technology has seen significant advances in the way it employs and combines different materials such as plastic, metal, sandstone and wax. These advances have paved the way for business benefits, streamlined supply chain processes, increasing personalization, and the ability to manufacture new designs.
In fact, in the next decade, patients waiting anxiously on the organ donor list could be a thing of the past. By 2030, it will be possible to biologically 3D print organs on demand. 3D printing has become a game changer for many industries. However, the reality is that much of the innovation has been incremental. Limitations still exist—but not for much longer.

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