Most control actuators respond to analogue inputs from sensors that assess environmental parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate. Computers, on the other hand, can only process digital signals. As a result, in order to use a computer to input a signal from a sensor or to output a signal to an actuator, a device that can bridge the analogue signal and the computer's digital signal is required. An analogue I/O interface is the name for the bridge.

• A/D conversion (analogue input device)
IS220PAICH1B Analogue IN/OUT device is in charge of transforming analogue signals from external devices into digital signals that a computer can understand.

• (D/A conversion) Analog output device
Before sending the signal to an external device, this device converts digital data from a computer to an analogue signal.

• Analog I/O (A/D, D/A converter) device
DS200TCCAG1B COMMON ANALOG I/O BOARD Devices containing both an A/D and a D/A conversion feature are known as analogue I/O devices.

Analogue to digital and digital to analogue
When entering an external analogue quantity into a computer, an endless number of digits are required for the equivalent digital quantity to be shown appropriately. Even from the standpoint of the circuit technology that makes up the converter, this is not viable with a computer that can only handle a limited number of numbers.

Isolated and non-isolated analogue I/O PACK devices can be divided into two groups. Let's have a look at the characteristics of two different types of isolation.

• It's worth noting that non-isolated types don't use an isolation element.
• The computer and external I/O circuits are segregated using a photocoupler.
• Because electrical interference can be avoided, this method provides for worry-free operation even if noise is easily generated in the wiring or if there is a risk of the computer failing or becoming damaged.
The most effective technique to handle this problem is to round or use the floor or ceiling to maintain the number of digits within the permitted range. To put it another way, this means substituting a representative value for a quantity within a given range. Quantization is the term for this.

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