1.Microprocessor

The embedded microprocessor (Micro Processor Unit, MPU) evolved from the CPU in general-purpose computers. It is characterized by a processor with more than 32 bits, with higher performance, and of course its price is correspondingly higher. However, unlike computer processors, in actual embedded applications, only functional hardware closely related to embedded applications are retained, and other redundant functional parts are removed, so that embedded applications can be implemented with the lowest power consumption and resources. special requirements. Compared with industrial control computers, embedded microprocessors have the advantages of small size, light weight, low cost and high reliability. The main embedded processor types are Am186/88, 386EX, SC-400, Power PC, 68000, MIPS, ARM/ StrongARM series, etc.
Among them, Arm/StrongArm is an embedded microprocessor specially developed for handheld devices, which belongs to the mid-range price.

2.Microcontroller

The typical representative of the embedded microcontroller (Microcontroller Unit, MCU) is the single-chip microcomputer. From the emergence of the single-chip microcomputer in the late 1970s to today, although more than 20 years of history have passed, this 8-bit electronic device still has an extremely high value in embedded devices. Wide range of applications. The microcontroller chip integrates ROM/EPROM, RAM, bus, bus logic, timer/counter, watchdog, I/O, serial port, PWM output, A/D, D/A, Flash RAM, EEPROM, etc. necessary functions and peripherals. Compared with embedded microprocessors, the biggest feature of microcontrollers is that they are monolithic and their volume is greatly reduced, thereby reducing power consumption and cost and improving reliability. Microcontrollers are the mainstream of the embedded system industry. The on-chip peripheral resources of microcontrollers are generally rich and suitable for control, so they are called microcontrollers.
Due to the low price and excellent functions of MCU, it has the largest variety and quantity. The more representative ones include 8051, MCS-251, MCS-96/196/296, P51XA, C166/167, 68K series and MCU 8XC930/ 931, C540, C541, and have support for I2C, CAN-Bus, LCD and many dedicated MCU and compatible series. MCU accounts for about 70% of the market share of embedded systems. The Avr single-chip microcomputer produced by Atmel has a high cost performance due to its integrated FPGA and other devices, which is bound to promote the higher development of the single-chip microcomputer.

3.DSP processor

Embedded DSP processor (Embedded Digital Signal Processor, EDSP) is a processor specially used for signal processing. It is specially designed in terms of system structure and instruction algorithm, and has high compilation efficiency and instruction execution speed. DSP has been widely used in various instruments such as digital filtering, FFT, and spectral analysis.
The theoretical algorithm of DSP has appeared in the 1970s, but since the special DSP processor has not yet appeared, this theoretical algorithm can only be realized by discrete components such as MPU. The lower processing speed of MPU cannot meet the algorithm requirements of DSP, and its application fields are limited to some cutting-edge high-tech fields. With the development of large-scale integrated circuit technology, the world's first DSP chip was born in 1982. Its operation speed is dozens of times faster than MPU, and it has been widely used in speech synthesis and codec. In the mid-1980s, with the progress and development of CMOS technology, the second generation of DSP chips based on CMOS technology emerged, and its storage capacity and computing speed were doubled, becoming the basis for voice processing and image hardware processing technology. By the late 1980s, the operation speed of DSP was further improved, and the application field was expanded from the above-mentioned scope to communication and computer. After the 1990s, DSP has developed to the fifth generation of products, with higher integration and wider application range.
The most widely used is TI's TMS320C2000/C5000 series, and Intel's MCS-296 and Siemens' TriCore also have their own scope of application.

4.System on chip

Embedded system on chip (System On Chip): SoC pursues the most inclusive integrated device of the product system, which is one of the hot topics in the field of embedded applications. The biggest feature of SOC is that it successfully realizes the seamless integration of software and hardware, and directly embeds the code module of the operating system in the processor chip. Moreover, SOC is highly comprehensive, using hardware description languages such as VHDL inside a silicon chip to realize a complex system. Users do not need to draw huge and complex circuit boards, connect and solder little by little like traditional system design, but only need to use precise language, comprehensive timing design, and directly call the standards of various general-purpose processors in the device library, and then After the simulation, it can be directly delivered to the chip manufacturer for production. Since most of the system components are inside the system, the whole system is very simple, which not only reduces the size and power consumption of the system, but also improves the reliability of the system and improves the design and production efficiency.
Since SOCs are often dedicated, most of them are not known to users. A typical SOC product is Philips' Smart XA. A few general-purpose series such as Siemens' TriCore, Motorola's M-Core, some ARM series devices, Neuron chips jointly developed by Echelon and Motorola, etc.
It is expected that in the near future, some large chip companies will defeat competitors by launching mature SOC chips that can occupy most of the market. SOC chips will also play an important role in applications such as sound, image, film and television, network and system logic.

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