A copper-bonded electrode, commonly used in grounding and earthing systems, is a steel rod coated with a layer of copper. This combination leverages the high conductivity and corrosion resistance of copper with the strength and lower cost of steel. Here are some key details about copper-bonded electrodes:

Composition
- **Steel Core:** The central part of the electrode is typically made of high-strength steel, providing mechanical robustness.
- **Copper Coating:** The steel core is electroplated or molecularly bonded with a layer of copper, usually with a thickness of around 0.25mm (250 microns). This coating ensures good electrical conductivity and protects the steel from corrosion.

Advantages
1. **High Conductivity:** Copper has excellent electrical conductivity, making these electrodes highly effective in dissipating fault currents into the ground.
2. **Corrosion Resistance:** The copper layer protects the steel core from corrosion, extending the electrode's lifespan even in harsh soil conditions.
3. **Strength and Durability:** The steel core provides mechanical strength, making the electrode durable and able to withstand mechanical stresses during installation.
4. **Cost-Effective:** Combining steel and copper offers a balance between performance and cost, making copper-bonded electrodes an economical choice compared to solid copper electrodes.

Applications
- **Electrical Grounding:** Ensuring safe and effective grounding for electrical installations, preventing damage from electrical faults or lightning strikes.
- **Lightning Protection Systems:** Dissipating the energy from lightning strikes safely into the ground.
- **Telecommunications:** Providing grounding for telecom towers and equipment to protect against electrical surges.
- **Industrial and Commercial Buildings:** Protecting sensitive equipment and infrastructure by ensuring a reliable grounding system.

Installation
- Copper-bonded electrodes are driven into the ground, often using mechanical drivers or hammers. Proper installation ensures low resistance to ground, critical for the effectiveness of the grounding system.
- They are typically installed vertically, though horizontal or inclined installations are also possible in certain conditions.

Standards and Compliance
- Copper-bonded electrodes need to comply with various international standards such as IEEE, BS EN, and IEC, ensuring they meet specific performance and safety criteria.

Would you like to know more about the specific standards, installation techniques, or comparative analysis with other types of grounding electrodes?