According to the different hydrocarbon groups in the molecule, ketones can be divided into aliphatic ketones, alicyclic ketones, aromatic ketones, saturated ketones and unsaturated ketones. The carbonyl of aromatic ketones is directly connected to the aromatic ring, and can be divided into mono-ketone, di-ketone and poly-ketone according to the number of carbonyl groups. The carbonyl group embedded in the ring is called an intracyclic ketone. The ketone molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds, and its boiling point is lower than that of the corresponding alcohol, but the carbonyl oxygen can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, so the low carbon ketone (lower ketone) dissolves. in water. Lower ketones are liquids with a pleasant smell, and higher carbon number ketones (higher ketones) are solids.

Common classifications of ketones
1. Fatty ketones

Aliphatic ketones are aliphatic hydrocarbons. Lower aliphatic ketones are liquid, soluble in water and have some aromatic odors.

RCOR' R, R' are aliphatic hydrocarbons. Lower aliphatic ketones are all liquids. It is soluble in water and has some aromatic odor, which decreases with increasing molecular weight. Symmetric ketones starting from diethyl ketone are crystalline solids, whereas higher molecular weight ketones are waxy solids. Asymmetric ketones have slightly lower melting points and slightly higher boiling points than the corresponding symmetric ketones. Ketones are easily soluble in organic solvents. Lower aliphatic ketones are widely used and can be used as solvents and intermediates in organic synthesis such as medicine, resin and rubber. Higher aliphatic ketones are widely used in spices and food industries.

2. Alicyclic ketone
When two hydrocarbon groups are connected to each other in a closed ring structure, they are called alicyclic ketones, such as cyclohexanone

3. Aromatic ketones
Aromatic ketones refer to aromatic compounds containing carbonyl groups. The compound in which the two single bonds on the carbonyl group are connected to the two hydrocarbon groups respectively is a ketone, the structural formula is R-CO-R, the two hydrocarbon groups are both aromatic hydrocarbon groups are pure aromatic ketones, the structural formula is Ar-CO-Ar ', if only one hydrocarbon group is an aromatic hydrocarbon group, it is a mixed aromatic ketone, and the structural formula is Ar-CO-R.

Aromatic ketones are generally liquid or solid. It has active chemical properties and can react with sodium cyanogen sulfite, hydrogen, ammonia, etc., and aromatic ketones cannot be oxidized by weak oxidants.

acetone

Acetone, also known as dimethyl ketone, is the simplest saturated ketone. It is a colorless transparent liquid with a special spicy odor. Soluble in water and organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, chloroform and pyridine. Flammable, volatile, and chemically active.

The industrial production of acetone is dominated by the cumene method. In industry, acetone is mainly used as a solvent in industries such as frying, plastics, rubber, fiber, leather, grease, spray paint, etc. It can also be used to synthesize ketene, acetic anhydride, iodoform, polyisoprene rubber, methyl Important raw materials for methyl acrylate, chloroform, epoxy resin and other substances. It is also often used by criminals as the raw material of bromopropiophenone for drugs. Acetone is a representative compound of aliphatic ketones and has typical reactions of ketones. For example: an adduct that forms colorless crystals with sodium bisulfite.

Butanone

Butanone generally refers to methyl ethyl tong. Since methyl ethyl tong has a carbonyl group and an active hydrogen adjacent to the carbonyl group, various reactions are prone to occur. Heating with hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide causes condensation to generate 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexen-2-one or 3-methyl-3-hepten-5-one. When exposed to sunlight for a long time, ethane, acetic acid, condensation products, etc. are generated. Biacetyl is formed when oxidized with nitric acid. Acetic acid is formed when oxidized with strong oxidants such as chromic acid. Butanone is relatively stable to heat, and it is thermally cracked above 500°C to generate ketene or methyl ketene.

When condensed with aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes, high molecular weight ketones, cyclic compounds, ketals, resins, etc. are produced. For example, condensation with formaldehyde in the presence of sodium hydroxide first yields 2-methyl-1-butanol-3-one, followed by dehydration to yield methyl isopropenyl ketone.
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